Month: December 2019

Conjunctivitis (pink eye)

Conjunctivitis

The conjunctiva is a transparent and smooth mucous membrane that covers the sclera (the white of the eye) and the inner surface of the eyelid, connecting the posterior eyelid surface and the eyeball. Conjunctiva responds to a wide range of bacteria, viruses, infections, allergies, toxic agents, and it is also associated with other diseases. Therefore, the most common cause of conjunctivitis is the various external factors that adversely affect the eye. The tears contain antibodies and enzymes that prevent the bacteria from developing, so the tears protect the conjunctiva by diluting and flushing the bacteria.

Inflammation occurs in many forms: from mild redness, increased tearing, acute purulent inflammation, all the way to long-term problems associated with tear secretion. Viral and bacterial forms of conjunctivitis often occur in childhood, but can also occur in adulthood. Eye redness can occur at any age.

Causes

The conjunctiva is exposed to microorganisms and other forms of irritation. Tears protect the conjunctiva by diluting the bacteria and flushing them out. Tears also contain enzymes and antibodies that prevent the development of bacterial infection.

There are many causes of conjunctivitis. The most common are viral infections; other agents are bacteria, chlamydia, fungi, and parasites. Viral and bacterial forms of conjunctivitis are highly contagious and can spread very quickly among children, sometimes causing local outbreaks. Other causes are allergies (allergic conjunctivitis), exposure to chemicals, irritation by wind, dust, smoke. Pink eye can also accompany common colds and rashes.

Newborns can be infected with bacteria (chlamydia) in the birth canal. This disease is called neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum.

Wearing contact lenses, and especially long-wearing lenses, is also risky, as well as contact with people with a pink eye.

Symptoms

Pink Eye or conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the sheath (conjunctiva) that covers the inside of the eyelid and the outer part of the eyeball, ie. sclera. Inflammation causes the vessels to widen, which becomes visible, giving that pink eye appearance. Eyes affected by itching or burning and sometimes feeling warm. Also, tears or a thickening secretion during the night may occur, and the patient with conjunctivitis may have a problem with opening his eyes after waking up or feeling “glued eyelids”. Other symptoms and signs of conjunctivitis include:

conjunctival swelling;

a sense of foreign body presence in the eye;

sensitivity to light;

enlarged and painful lymph nodes located in front of the ear (lymph nodes are very important because they represent the way in which fluids inside the body are “purified” from bacteria, viruses and other pathogens);

a feeling of discomfort when wearing contact lenses (they cannot stand still or there is a feeling of itching due to the collection located under the eyelid).

Conjunctivitis treatment

Conjunctivitis usually goes without specific treatment. To reduce the pain, especially tears, artificial tears or eye drops can be used, which can be purchased without a doctor’s prescription. More severe treatment is recommended if symptoms worsen (eg, scratching, blurred vision, intense redness, discomfort) or if conjunctivitis occurs after chemo or other treatment for malignancies or if a person has HIV infections.

Symptoms of viral conjunctivitis disappear after 7-14 days except in cases of more serious infection. It does not require therapy. Antibiotics are not effective as therapy, and antiviral drugs are only administered if the infection is caused by Herpes Zoster or Herpes simplex virus.

contact lensens may provoke conjunctivitis

Moderate bacterial conjunctivitis also goes untreated. Antibiotic administration shortens the duration of the illness. Eye drops with antibiotics or antibiotic ointments that kill the causative agent may be used and often have corticosteroids that reduce the inflammatory response. Be sure to consult your doctor unless you notice an improvement 24 hours after applying the antibiotic!

Treatment of atopic (allergic) conjunctivitis involves eliminating or moving away from the causative agent. It often happens that inflammation occurs as a result of irritation caused by wearing contact lenses and therefore, wearing them should be stopped and avoided until the infection completely disappears.

Nail fungus

Nail fungus – what is it?

Nail fungus occurs when the fungus invades the nail on the hands / feet or the skin under the nail. They can attack the nails through small incisions in the skin around the nail or through the opening of the nail and the skin under the nail. If you are healthy, fungal nail infections will not cause serious problems, but they can look bad and destroy your nail or skin under the nail. But if you have poor immunity or diabetes, nail fungus can cause serious problems. It is best to consult your doctor in a timely manner to adequately treat the fungal infection.

Different types of fungi can cause fungal infection, but most are the same type that causes the athlete’s foot.

Causes

Therefore, nail fungus occurs when favorable conditions for their growth are made. This is most often due to impaired immunity, for whatever reason. When the good bacteria in the gut are replaced by the bad ones, then the fungi have no one to control and they multiply. Impaired bowel health can occur for a variety of reasons, and one of them is certainly poor nutrition.

There is another name for nail fungus, which is the expert term for nail onychomycosis. This is actually a serious fungal nail infection that requires special treatments and medical treatment.

Otherwise, fungal nail infections can be caused by three different types of fungus:

Dermatophytes – fungi that grow on the skin, hair, and nails but do not penetrate the body. Infection can begin by touching objects that have dermatophytes on them, such as nail clippers, scissors, socks, shoes, showers, etc. Dermatophytes are the cause of most fungal nail infections.

Yeasts – This is actually candida, a type of fungus that grows on skin and nails. Although it already exists on the human body – a disease, the use of antibiotics and problems with the immune system can stimulate candida overgrowth and cause nail fungus.

Molds or non-dermatophytes, it is a type of fungus that often grows in soil and can grow on skin and nails. It is not usually transmitted between humans.

In addition, fungi love heat and moisture. These are the conditions they need to grow and multiply. And these are the conditions that are most prevalent in indoor footwear.

This is why the fungus on the toenails is such a common occurrence, especially for those who spend long hours in closed footwear where their feet sweat, such as athletes. That’s why it’s so important to learn how to get rid of the fungus on your toenails.

Symptoms

Nail color change – it can be whitish, yellow or greenish-brown.

Thickening of the nail – in addition to thickening, it becomes brittle and distorted.

Nail fungus can sometimes cause serious pain. Scientific research shows that if left untreated, they can cause much more serious problems. In combination with other diseases, they significantly impair the overall health of the individual.

People with impaired immunity and diabetes should not look at the fungus on the toenails and hands as a cosmetic problem, but rather take serious care of them. Any minor injury to the feet and the aforementioned fungal infection in such persons can lead to complications, such as wounds that do not heal or diabetic foot.

nail fungus

Treatment

Lately, there has been a change in the treatment guidelines for nail fungal infections. Moreover, while previously the only rational form of treatment was considered the systematic application of therapy, today there are newer therapeutic approaches that include the use of local therapy. This is particularly important because of the length of administration of antifungals in treatment, which can result in numerous side effects and interactions with other medicines the patient may take.

The combination treatment involves removing the diseased part of the nail by applying a paste containing a high percentage of urea and then applying topical antifungal medication for several months. The US Food and Drug Administration has also approved the use of laser treatment of nail fungus.

Regarding systemic treatment, several medicines are used in different schemes. Terbinafine at a dose of 250 mg daily for 3 months leads to healing in most cases. Itraconazole can be given at a dose of 200 mg daily for 3 months or in pulse therapy when 400 mg daily is administered for the first 7 days of the month for 3 months. Fluconazole is usually given at a dose of 150 mg once a week for 6-9 months (fingernails) and 9-12 months (toenails).